编者按：2007年5月17日，应省风景园林学会理事长施奠东的邀请，国际风景园林师联合会主席戴安妮博士在浙江林学院东湖校区图书馆报告厅作了题为《风景园林与国际问题》的报告。中国风景园林学会和浙江省风景园林学会的部分专家也出席了报告会，报告厅座无虚席。演讲结束后，在校学生与戴安妮进行了现场问答交流，进一步探讨了中国园林行业与园林专业的发展方向。
相关链接：IFLA是“International Federation of Landscape Architects”的英文简称，中文名为“国际风景园林师联合会”。国际风景园林师联合会（IFLA）于1948年在英国剑桥成立，总部设在法国凡尔赛。IFLA是一个民主的、非盈利的、非政治的、非政府的组织，是世界上风景园林行业影响力最大的国际学术组织。
What do you think is the most important issue for landscape architects at present? It is not global warming or marine pollution, important though those problems are to sustainability. The most important issue for landscape architects globally is education.
In many places in the world demand for landscape architects is growing so rapidly that it is exceeding supply. To address this short supply consultant firms seek trained landscape architects from wherever they can source them in the world. Anecdotal information from the USA and Russia is that those who need the services of a landscape architect, and cannot get one, will chose the next best skills available. The alternative people chosen may have very little training. Clients are then likely to become dissatisfied with the outcomes and the reputation of the profession is affected. It is therefore very important that the knowledge and skills of those employed should be comparable with the bench mark in the countries landscape architects are working. It is also important that employers and clients are able to verify qualifications. International university accreditation, to establish sound and comparable qualifications, and professional licensing for ongoing professional quality assurance are therefore now the two most urgent issues for IFLA.
Growth in demand for landscape architects
In the United States the demand for landscape architecture has grown at a rate of 20% in the last two years, and this is expected to continue in the next decade. The topic for this years US Landscape Architecture Month in April was landscape architecture as a career. This was chosen as the theme to try to address the short fall in numbers of graduates. In Russia the demand for landscape architects is rocketing and here in China I understand that there are now 100 education providers training landscape architects but still an unfulfilled demand as new cities are needed for growing populations. I heard a forecast that another 50 landscape architecture schools are expected in the next 5 years.
Consulting firms have been shopping around the globe for staff for places such as Dubai where landscape architecture skills are essential. Rarely do landscape architects advertise in New Zealand or Australia: we have more work than we can cope with. The same is true for India where the economy is healthy and firms compete to gain landscape architecture staff.
Global issues
Although communications are speedier and technology continues to assist our work, our planet faces complex global environmental issues. Climate change is affecting weather patterns, crop production, island nations, cities and species survival. Some of the worlds cataclysmic disasters are associated with climate change, such as floods and massive landslides. The stress placed on scarce resources, particularly clean water, will become even more critical as the worlds population continues to increase.
Our seas are becoming increasingly polluted from uncontrolled discharges and silt washed from the land, damaging corals, fish and bird life. Bio-diversity of species is under pressure from the global spread of Avian virus and pests and diseases which can be benign in one area but devastating in another. Examples of these are numerous: the Argentine Fire Ant in the Pacific, the cane toad in Australia, Eucalyptus in Argentina, opossums, stoats, ferrets, rabbits, rats, gorse? and numerous other pests in New Zealand. Many countries have problems with alien species. Natural disasters also continue. The Tsunami which affected Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India brought massive human devastation as well as landscape destruction.
In Africa there are very few landscape architecture schools, and the few landscape architects trained in other countries desperately need support to make a useful contribution. Yet many of the major environmental impacts are occurring in Africa. There is vegetation and habitat loss, heritage destruction, resource depletion. Landscape architects can and should be making a contribution in Africa to environmental management issues, to city planning and design, to conservation of heritage in cities, to the sustainability of landscapes.
These global environmental problems require wisdom and a concerted effort from those with relevant expertise. While landscape architects do not have the skills and knowledge to solve every environmental threat, we are trained to contribute and collaborate with other professions to finding solutions. The global federation has a role to raise issues, collaborate and share information so that those with similar problems can benefit.
Let me give you just one example, that of the Asian Tsunami of 2004. The international federation held a meeting in India 6 weeks after the event.We learnt that coastal areas which had retained vegetation were insulated from the destruction, but those areas which no longer had the protection of stabilising forest and vegetation such as mangroves were devastated. Experience gained by landscape architects from Hawaii was shared with those working on affected areas. In addition, work is being concluded by ASLA to provide manuals on emergency response to tsunamis and other disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The information is timely and I anticipate will be sought after by many other associations.
Collaboration and advocacy
IFLA collaborates with other organisations to provide co-ordinated responses and share information. one example of such collaboration has been the work undertaken through the German landscape architecture association BDLA on monitoring landscape policy development of the European Union, so that landscape associations can be alerted to changes in policy and be more effective with lobbying.
IFLA promotes newer initiatives as part of its advocacy role. Two particular movements deserve mention. The first is city greening. While the garden beautiful movement has served some cities well, landscape architects are promoting relevance in landscape management. Begonias beds may be attractive, but they do not underpin sustainability in the same way as the planting of indigenous vegetation and trees. The green city movement integrates green initiatives which help to lower ambient city temperatures in summer, by providing green lungs and quality of life for citizens, and reducing pollution from soil runoff and air particles. Protecting the biodiversity of cities, as well as healthy functioning systems, such as wetlands and waterways, is another important aspect.
Another green city initiative is water management. Some examples include Waitangi Park: a coastal open space in Wellington with constitutional and cultural associations. The designer of this new park, Wraight and Associates demonstrated how water can be cleaned and reused before discharging into the harbour. This gives a strong environmental care message as well as improving environmental quality standards. Another example is the innovative design for part of North Terrace in Adelaide, South Australia which carries a similar message, in their elegantly designed forecourt. These are but two examples of the constructed wetland approach in order to clean water through biological systems, adapted to city use and conservation.
In Christchurch City, my home town, a policy some years ago to manage streams and waterways for multiple values, rather than just drainage, resulted in streamside management for conservation and water quality. City landscape architects have modified the landscape to rediscover and rehabilitate streams and made many major improvements to riparian margins. The benefits from this continuing project include the return of small fish to the streams and the population expansion of the rare New Zealand Scaup, a small native duck whose existence was threatened, as well as a much better understanding of waterway management by Christchurch politicians and local people, an important aspect, as Christchurch is a city built on a swamp.
A third opportunity for our profession is in heritage conservation. This includes the identification of the valued city spaces which may form the arteries and heart of the city, and conservation and rehabilitation of heritage cities. Heritage conservation can be an important issue in locations which are under threat from population pressures, economic decline, or rapid rehabilitation, such as in Cambodia. In such places, valuable heritage resources may be sacrificed to new development, or simply destroyed through neglect. Heritage conservation requires considering new technologies and infrastructure and is a specialised area of work. While you may enjoy many fine examples of this work, some countries are crying out for such skills to help conserve the landscapes that still remain. I saw many such examples in India.
A city which has tackled this issue effectively is Ghent in Belgium. At one stage cars took up every open space: the plazas and town squares were choked, and trees were suffocated by indiscriminate parking. Now the city has an effective transportation plan which includes Ghent City bicycles for staff and outlying parking. In other cities, the open spaces have been usurped by commerce - tent markets which fill every inch town square. Again this is an issue to be tackled by landscape architects. The work our profession undertakes is supported by the World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS.
Where to for the global profession?
I see the greatest potential strength for our profession in collaboration with other professions, and agencies. A demonstration of professional skills and abilities at an international level is a strong lever for the continued involvement of our profession in sustainable management.In April the first World Landscape Architecture Month was launched in Beijing, and the month long publicity of the profession will be repeated each year from now on across the world. This launch symbolised the full participation of the Chinese Society of Landscape Architects in the international affairs of the profession. IFLA in turn is proud to participate with CHSLA and Tsinghua University to promote sustainable design through the Beijing Landscape Architecture Summit. We are all part of a rapidly integrating profession.
To conclude I leave you with a quotation from J. William Fulbright：We must try, through education, to realize something new in the world by persuasion rather than by force, cooperatively rather than competitively, not for the purpose of gaining dominance for a nation of ideology but for the purpose of helping every society develop its own concept of public decency and individual fulfilment.
Dr Diane Menzies
目前对风景园林师来说最重要的问题，诸位觉得是什么？既不是全球变暖，也不是海洋污染， 尽管这些问题对于可持续发展来说很重要。对全球风景园林师来说，最重要的问题是教育。
世界上很多地方正需要越来越多的风景园林师，已经到了供不应求的程度。为解决这种供给短缺的问题，顾问公司到世界上的每个角落去寻找那些受过专门训练的风景园林师。据美俄两国不可靠消息透露，若那些顾问公司寻找风景园林师徒劳无获，他们就只能退而求其次，转而用几乎未受过什么训练的人取而代之，这样一来客户们就很可能对他们的成果觉得不满意，从而会影响这个行业的声誉。 因此，那些受雇的风景园林师的知识和技能应当和所服务国的标准相当，这一点是非常重要的。雇主和客户要能够查证风景园林师的资格，这一点也是至关重要的。因此，为了确立健全的和具有可比性的资格而采用国际大学的鉴定，以及为了确保职业质量而进行特许，就成为现在IFLA的两个最紧迫的问题。
风景园林师的需求增长
在美国，对风景园林的需求在过去的两年里以20%的增长率在攀升，而且有望持续十年。今年四月的美国风景园林月的主题是“风景园林作为一个职业”。之所以选择这一主题是因为要努力解决毕业生人数不足的问题。在俄国，对风景园林师的需求高涨；而我了解到，在中国，目前有 100个培训风景园林师的教育机构，但是因为人口不断增长带动更多的新兴城市的出现，从而对风景园林的需求仍然是得不到满足的。 我听说有这样一个预测，那就是在未来的 5年内，将落成50所风景园林学校。
咨询公司一直在全球采购员工，将他们派往像迪拜这样的地方。在迪拜，风景园林技术是必不可少的。在新西兰或澳大利亚这些地方，很少有风景园林师做广告的，因为活太多忙不过来。 印度也是如此。在印度，经济欣欣向荣，公司竞相争夺风景园林人员。
全球问题
尽管目前通讯速度更快，技术也继续帮助我们的工作，但我们的星球仍然面临着很多复杂的全球性问题。气候变化影响到天气类型、作物生产、岛国、城市和种类生存。世界上一些大的自然灾害都与气候变化有关，比如洪水和大面积山体滑坡。随着世界人口的不断增长，对稀缺资源尤其是洁净水需求的压力会更大。
由于对排放物和从陆地上冲走的淤泥不加控制，我们的海洋污染日益严重，损害了珊瑚、鱼类和鸟类。 物种的生物多样性受到禽流感、有害动植物和疾病的危害。这些危害物在这个地区可能是良性的，但在另一个地区会极具破坏性。这样的例子不胜枚举：大西洋地区阿根廷的火蚁，澳大利亚的甘蔗蟾蜍，阿根廷的桉树以及新西兰的负鼠，白鼬，雪貂，兔子，老鼠，金雀花和很多其它有害的动植物。外来物种在很多国家都成了问题。自然灾害继续发生。影响印度尼西亚，泰国，斯里兰卡和印度的海啸不仅带来了大量的人员伤亡，还摧毁了景观。
在非洲，风景园林学校很少，在其它国家接受培训的少数设计师急需支持，以便有效地开展工作。同时，非洲正在出现较大的环境问题：植被和栖息地减少﹑遗产遭到破坏﹑资源枯竭。风景园林师可以也应当能够帮助非洲解决环境管理问题，进行城市规划，保护城市的遗产以及实现风景园林的可持续发展。
解决这些全球性的环境问题需要智慧也需要与具有相关技术的人士共同努力。尽管风景园林师不具备解决每一个环境威胁的技术和知识，但我们可以接受培训同其它专业人士进行合作，共同找出解决方案。这样的全球联盟能够提出问题，开展合作并分享信息，从而使有同样问题的各方从中获益。
我就给大家举一个例子，就是2004年亚洲的海啸。海啸发生6周后，IFLA在印度召开会议。我们了解到保留植被的沿海地区幸免于难，而那些没有稳定的森林和像红树林保护的地区遭到严重破坏。夏威夷的风景园林师将得到的经验分享给了受灾地区的设计师。另外，ASLA（美国景观设计师协会）也开展工作为海啸和发生在新奥尔良的卡特利纳飓风等其它灾难提供紧急应对手册。这个信息出来得非常及时，我相信在很多其它的场合也能派上用场。
合作和宣传
IFLA同其它组织合作，提供共同的应对措施并进行信息分享。比如，我们与德国风景园林师协会(BDLA)合作来监视欧盟景观政策的发展，这样一来景观协会就能够警惕政策变化，从而更有效地进行游说。
IFLA 提倡使用更新的项目进行宣传。有两个“运动”值得提一下。第一个是城市绿化。尽管美丽花园项目很好地装扮了城市，但风景园林师现在正提倡景观管理的重要性。海棠可能很吸引人，但它们却不能像种植的土生土长的植被和树木那样持续生长。城市绿化运动吸纳了绿色项目。这些项目能够帮助降低夏天城市周围的温度，方法是为居民提供绿肺和高质量的生活以及减少来自土层和空气尘埃粒子的污染。同时能保护城市的生物多样性以及健康的功能体系，如湿地和航道。
第二个绿色城市项目是水管理。其中一个例子是Waitangi公园，该公园位于威灵顿的沿海空地，在宪法上和文化上有重要意义。这个新公园的设计者Wraight和他的同事展示了水如何在排往港口之前被清洁后再使用的。这传达了很强的关爱环境的信号，同时也提高了改善环境质量的标准。另一个例子是为澳大利亚南部阿得莱德的North Terrace的一部分所做的创新型设计。通过设计优美的前庭，也传达出了同样的信号。举这两个采用建造湿地的方法进行设计的例子，目的是通过生物系统对水进行净化处理，使这些系统适应城市的需要和储存。
在我的家乡——基督教堂市几年前采取了一项政策来管理河流和水道用于多个目的，而不仅仅是排水，最后对水源保存和水质采取了河边地带管理。城市风景园林师改善了景观，重新发现和恢复河流，并且对河边区域做了很大的改进。这个项目目前仍在进行，带来了很多好处：小鱼重返河流，新西兰稀少的小潜鸭数目增加，这种土生的小鸭过去生存受到过威胁，另外当地的官员和人民也对航道的管理有了更多的了解，这一点非常重要，因为我们这个城市是在沼泽地上建起来的。
风景园林行业的第三个机会是遗产保护。这包括对那些可能形成城市中心的有价值地带的确认，及遗产城市的保护和重新复原。遗产保护是非常重要的问题，尤其是在受到人口压力、经济衰退或迅速复原的地方，如柬埔寨。在这些地区，有价值的遗产资源可能因为新的发展或忽略而遭到破坏。遗产保护需要考虑采用新的技术和基础设施，这是一个专业性很强的工作。在大家欣赏遗产保护做出的很多成果时，一些国家正迫切需要此类技术来保护现存的景观。在印度，我看到很多类似的例子。
比利时的根特市有效地解决了这个问题。以前，汽车占据了每一个空地；广场和城镇广场经常堵塞；停车混乱造成大量树木死亡。现在，城市有了一个有效的交通规划，其中包括根特市的员工骑自行车或在市外停车。在其它城市，空地被挪为商用，帐篷式的市场填满了城镇广场的每个角落。这个问题也需要风景园林师来解决。风景园林行业所做的工作得到了世界遗产中心和国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)的支持。
到哪里去参与全球的风景园林业?
我认为风景园林行业要发挥最大的潜力，需要与其它行业和机构合作。在国际层面展示专业技术和能力能够使该行业继续参与可持续管理。四月份，第一届世界风景园林月在北京举行。这项为期一个月的活动从现在开始每年都会在全球举办。这次活动的举行表明中国风景园林师协会已全面参与我们的国际事务。IFLA也非常自豪能够与中国风景园林学会和清华大学一道，通过北京风景园林峰会提倡可持续设计。
最后，我想用J. William Fulbright的一段话结束我的发言：我们必须尽力通过教育在世界上实现新的事物，用说服力，而非暴力，合作，而非竞争，不是为了使一个国家的意识形态取得统治地位，而是为了帮助每一个社会得出自己对公共行为准则和个人成就感的定义。
戴安妮•孟斯博士
